What You Need to Know About Multiple Sclerosis

Learn how MS works, who it impacts, and why awareness matters.

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What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition that affects the central nervous system (CNS) — which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In people with MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering (myelin) around nerve fibers. This damage disrupts communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

Over time, MS can lead to scar tissue, nerve damage, and a wide range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms.

According to the MS International Federation (MSIF), an estimated 2.9 million people worldwide live with MS as of 2023 — a 30% increase since 2013.

Who is Affected by MS?

MS can affect anyone, but some patterns have been observed:

Most commonly diagnosed between ages 20 and 40

More common in women than men (about 2–3 times more likely)

Higher prevalence in people of Northern European descent

Lowest prevalence in countries near the equator; more common in Canada, the US, Northern Europe, and Australia

MS is considered rare in children, though pediatric cases do occur

Canada has one of the highest rates of MS in the world, with approximately 1 in every 400 people diagnosed.

What Happens in the Body?

In MS, the immune system mistakenly targets the myelin sheath, a protective layer that insulates nerves. When this layer is damaged, it can result in misfiring signals along the nerve pathways. Over time, this can lead to:

Slowed or blocked nerve signals

Permanent damage to nerves themselves

Formation of lesions or plaques in the brain and spinal cord (visible on MRI)

These effects may appear as physical or mental symptoms that vary in severity from person to person.

Common Symptoms of MS

The symptoms of MS depend on which part of the CNS is affected. They often come and go, especially in early stages.

These symptoms can be mild or disabling. For many people, symptoms appear intermittently (relapses), while for others, they gradually worsen over time.

Common symptoms include:
  • Fatigue that doesn’t improve with rest
  • Numbness or tingling, often in the arms, legs, or face
  • Blurred or double vision
  • Muscle weakness or spasticity
  • Loss of coordination or balance
  • Cognitive changes such as difficulty concentrating or memory issues
  • Dizziness or vertigo
  • Bladder or bowel issues

Types of MS

MS is classified into several types based on how it progresses:

Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS)

The most common type, affecting about 85% of people diagnosed. It involves clearly defined attacks of symptoms (relapses), followed by partial or full recovery (remission).

Begins as RRMS, then transitions into a phase where neurological function worsens gradually, with or without relapses.

Affects about 10–15% of people with MS. It involves a steady decline in function from the onset, without early relapses or remissions.

A first episode of neurological symptoms lasting at least 24 hours, caused by inflammation or demyelination. Not all CIS cases progress to MS.

How is MS Diagnosed?

MS diagnosis is based on a combination of tests and evaluations, since no single test can confirm it. Common diagnostic steps include:

Neurological exam to assess reflexes, strength, vision, and coordination

MRI scans to detect lesions or areas of demyelination in the brain/spine

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to examine cerebrospinal fluid for immune activity

Evoked potentials to measure how quickly nerves respond to stimuli

Blood tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms

Diagnosis often takes time and may involve repeat imaging or follow-up evaluations over months or years.

What Causes MS?

The exact cause of MS remains unknown. It is thought to be triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as:

MS is not contagious and is not caused by lifestyle choices.

Immune system dysregulation

Genetic predisposition (certain genes may increase risk)

Geographic latitude (higher risk further from the equator)

Vitamin D levels and sunlight exposure

Viral infections (such as Epstein-Barr Virus, currently being studied)

Mortality and Life Expectancy

MS is not considered a fatal disease, but complications can affect overall health. Most people with MS have a normal or near-normal lifespan. Causes of death in people with MS are often unrelated to MS itself and may include infections, cardiovascular disease, or other coexisting conditions.

According to the National MS Society, people with MS live on average 7–14 years less than those without the condition — though this gap is decreasing with better care and awareness.

Everyday strategies may include:
  • Learning energy conservation techniques
  • Adjusting home or work environments
  • Maintaining mental health and emotional support
  • Staying connected with others through online or in-person communities
  • Keeping track of symptom patterns to inform medical conversations

Living with MS

Living with MS means adapting to a condition that can be unpredictable and different for each individual. While some experience mild symptoms for years, others may encounter challenges with mobility or daily functioning.

Support from friends, family, or peer communities can play a major role in managing life with MS.

Learn More

For more in-depth, science-based information about MS, visit:

Disclaimer

This page is provided for informational purposes only. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with a licensed healthcare provider for questions about any health condition.